| Lumped Model | Distributed Model |
| Is based on the assumption that components are point masses. | Parameters are distributed in the length of a component. |
| Applicable in low frequency circuits where the time taken in the propagation of a signal is insignificant. | Required in high frequency circuits, or where distance requires signal propagation not to be neglected. |
| Applies basic circuit laws such as Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s laws. | Needs solution of partial differential equations to take into effect the variation of the signals with distance. |
Example:
- A basic electric network consisting of a resistor and capacitor (RC circuit) is analyzed as a lumped system.
- When two points a few kilometers apart are linked by a high-frequency transmission line, the line must be modelled as a distributed system, with regard to the signal propagation and delays.